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1. Introduction
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FAST PHOTOMETRIC IMAGING OF
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Contents
 
Index
List of Figures
1.1.
Important frequencies in the lower ionosphere
2.1.
Electric field thresholds for air breakdown mechanisms
2.2.
Ionospheric absorption
2.3.
The first observed elve
2.4.
Model ionization and dissociative attachment rates
.
Cross section of electric field and
optical emissions for EMP
.
Cross section of electric field and
optical emissions for QE
2.7.
Model cross sections of ionization enhancement due to elves (EMP case) and the diffuse portion of sprites (QE case) 2 ms after the lightning stroke
2.8.
Effect of multiple lightning strokes on ionization in elves
2.9.
Multiple-stroke ionization changes area-averaged over
km
.
Multiple-stroke
emissions area-averaged over
km
3.1.
Factors affecting intensity and timing of Rayleigh-scattered lightning flashes
3.2.
Predicted photometric signatures of a Rayleigh-scattered lightning flash
3.3.
Flash onset delay variation with viewing azimuth
3.4.
Atmospheric transmission calculated with MODTRAN3
3.5.
General geometry of a photometer and extended source
3.6.
Factors affecting the photometric response to the
and
optical bands
3.7.
Overview of the
Fly's Eye photometer array
3.8.
A single photometer of the
Fly's Eye array
3.9.
The
Fly's Eye deployed at Langmuir Laboratory
3.10.
Parallax in pointing calibrations
3.11.
Calibrated photometer fields-of-view in 1998
3.12.
Cross-section of the
Fly's Eye photometer responses
3.13.
CCD exposure timing for a frame-mode camera
3.14.
Pointing determination using star fields
4.1.
Geometry for photometric observations of elves at 500 to 900 km range
4.2.
Modeled view of elves from the ground
4.3.
Integrated model view of elves from the ground
4.4.
Video image showing a sprite and elve
4.5.
Temporal resolution of sprites and elves
4.6.
Predicted and observed photometric signatures of elves
4.7.
Photometric distinction between elves and lightning
4.8.
Detection of blue emissions in an exceptionally bright elve
4.9.
Bright elve viewed from an aircraft
4.10.
Correlation between elves and lightning polarity
4.11.
Theoretical and observed correlation between peak brightness and causative lightning intensity
4.12.
Correlation between VLF intensity and NLDN reported peak current
4.13.
Location of luminosity in elves
4.14.
Horizontal extents of optical emissions in 38 elves from one mesoscale convective system
4.15.
Predicted optical ratio of blue to red photometer signals as a function of electric field
.
Sensitivity of the
Fly's Eye to
and
as a function of viewing elevation angle
5.1.
Misinterpreted diffuse glow in video observations
5.2.
Modeled and observed diffuse flash at 05:00:04.716 UT
5.3.
Sprite halo following lightning at 04:45:48.962 UT
5.4.
Sprite halo following lightning at 04:52:11.981 UT
5.5.
Comparison of two sprite halos observed in normal and high speed video
5.6.
Modeled temporal development of elves and sprite halos
5.7.
Predicted photometric array signatures
5.8.
Photometry and enhanced video images from the
Fly's Eye for three events exhibiting sprite halos
5.9.
Ambient electron density profiles for three values of
, and the resulting modeled sprite halos
5.10.
NLDN-recorded flashes from a nighttime MCS
5.11.
Sprite associated with a large
CG return stroke and continuing current
5.12.
Negative sprite at 06:11:14 UT
5.13.
Negative sprite at 06:18:14 UT
5.14.
Positive and negative streamers
5.15.
Photometric features of a bright sprite
5.16.
Slow sprite development and ULF currents
5.17.
Sprite preceding cloud-to-ground lightning
5.18.
Exponential decay times in sprites
5.19.
Electric relaxation and attachment time scales as a function of altitude
.
Streamer velocities
Christopher Barrington Leigh