Science

What if you could deliver power to villages after a tsunami or earthquake by shooting lasers from a drone? Or circulate small drones above a festival site so people could recharge their cell phone batteries from them?

View from the Top - Seattle panelists

Panelists react to a question from moderator John Castle, right.

Four MIT alumni posed these questions, and several others, to each other and to over 100 attendees at last week’s View from the Top event, held at Seattle’s Pacific Science Center.

The June 13 panel brought together five alumni from different decades and disciplines for “Reinventing the World,” a conversation about their work with technology and its delivery around the world.

Asking those tough questions about lasers was Thomas Nugent SM ’99, founder of LaserMotive, who won a 2009 NASA competition to deliver power wirelessly to robotic vehicles. Margaret Orth SM ’93, PhD ’01, founder of International Fashion Machines, presented some of her work that integrated fashion and wearable technology. Cliff Schmidt ’93 displayed the Talking Book that he developed as founder and head of Literacy Bridge, which delivers basic educational technology to developing communities. Yun-Ling Wong ’04, a senior program officer at the Gates Foundation, addressed the challenges of mediating the demands of both developed and developing countries in finding solutions to global problems.

John Castle ’61, ScD ’64, a lecturer in entrepreneurship at the University of Washington, moderated the discussion, organized by MIT’s Office of Alumni Education.

The Seattle event gave attendees, who ranged from veteran Puget Sound Club members to young alums to prospective students and friends, a lively discussion among four professionals who are passionate about what they do. It also offered attendees ample time for questions, whether during the cocktail hour beforehand, the panel itself, or the desert reception afterward.

Even the panelists took turns reflecting on each other’s work.

After hearing from Nugent and narrating her own journey through wearable computing  via an IMAX screen in the theater, Maggie Orth described her new ideas on technological minimalism. “I am from MIT, so I am not a Luddite,” she said. “It’s not necessarily less technology that I want, but smarter technology.”

After hearing about Schmidt’s Talking Book, which has improved health and agriculture benchmarks for illiterate populations in Ghana by as much as 100%, Ling Wong explained just how hard such a project is for ambitious non-profits in the United States who want to affect the world.

“All lives have equal value, and technology can help us get there, but how we actually save lives is much more complicated,” said Wong. “Technology [can’t work] without advocacy, without government support, and without understanding a culture…the problems we’re trying to solve are hard ones…and it takes many sorts of people to make this happen.”

Castle, who introduced each panelist, remarked how all four alumni have essentially sought to answer one question through their work: How can technology change people’s behavior?

“For them, it’s not just about the technology, it’s about all of the things technology does and how it affects people in one way or another. Technology influences people’s choices, but in some ways it can push them in directions they may not want to go.”

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On the slopes of Mt. Karisimbi, a 4,500-meter volcano in northwestern Rwanda, a lone MIT researcher is working this year to add new data to climate change research.

She is Katherine Potter PhD ’11, the principal investigator for the new Rwanda Climate Observatory. Working in the same area where iconic zoologist Dian Fossey studied mountain gorillas a half-century ago, Potter works just as passionately towards her goal: to empower Rwandans in becoming part of climate change research and to get Africa on the climate-change grid.

If Potter is successful, the observatory atop Mt. Karisimbi will join the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE), a worldwide program funded in part by NASA and NOAA that captures climate data.

Katherine Potter.

Katherine Potter.

AGAGE began in 1978 and now includes eight observatories around the world that record air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. It is a leading source of data for measuring progress against the 1987 Montreal Protocol and 1997 Kyoto Protocol benchmarks for carbon emissions.

Until now, Africa has not had an observatory feeding into AGAGE’s experiment. Covering a fifth of the world’s land mass, this is no small piece of lost data.

Potter hopes to fix that. Working for MIT’s Center for Global Change Science, Potter is training future Rwandan scientists, technicians, and academics to collaborate in the world’s efforts to monitor climate change.

Mt. Karisimbi is a perfect place for the observatory, says Potter, who blogs about her progress. “At 4,500 meters, the air reaching the station will come from a large area, getting info from much of Africa and the surrounding oceans,” she says. “Also, it shares a border with Congo and is in the same protected area that continues into Uganda. So this is unifying the East African community in doing climate research.”

Potter’s work is a result of a conversation Rwandan president Paul Kagame began with then president Susan Hockfield in 2008. Kagame was on campus for the Compton Lecture. CGCS director Ronald Prinn ScD ’71 and geophysics professor Maria Zuber have led MIT’s efforts to develop the project since.

The project has inspired other alums, like Jonathan Goldstein ’83. “My wife Kaia Miller Goldstein and I have worked to support both the Rwandan and MIT leadership,” Goldstein says. “It has been exciting to see them collaborate on this worthy project.  We were thrilled to meet [Potter] while in Rwanda recently. She is a real star.”

“I think the real joy for those involved comes from the cultural collaboration, where MIT scientists can really make a difference in the world and the Rwandan people can show the world that they are rapidly advancing as a society,” says Goldstein.

The AGAGE project begins on Mt. Karisimbi. Photo: MIT Atmospheric Chemistry.

The station’s work begins on Mt. Karisimbi. Photo: MIT Atmospheric Chemistry.

MIT is one of ten universities that participate in AGAGE, a venture jointly funded by British, American, and Australian government agencies. AGAGE instruments around the world measure and report on the atmospheric levels of 33 compounds.

Potter is collaborating with the Ministry of Education in Rwanda, which is recruiting top academics and analysts from within its borders to participate. The Rwandan government is also planning to construct an €18-million cable car up Karisimbi, in the hopes that the station becomes a tourist destination, too. Potter estimates that the observatory will be complete and staffed by Rwandan scientists in the next three or four years.

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Happy Earth Day! As you read this, teams are vying to be named champions in the annual MIT Earth Day Challenge this week. Many community members will contribute to the (rescheduled) 14th annual Charles River Cleanup this weekend.
earth day_transparent1

Being a school on a shoreline, MIT’s celebration of Earth any day is also, quite often, a celebration of the water, and in particular, the Charles River.

Like so many civilizations before us, MIT’s has been built upon a river.

How does this river sustain our work? Ocean engineering majors can tell you; they surveyed the muddy Charles’s depths in 2007. Civil engineers plumb its depths annually: check out this 2012 project to destratify it with turbulent jets.  Art, Culture,and Technology Associate Professor Gediminas Urbonas designed last winter’s IAP “Learning from the River” around it. CSAIL’s lecture series bears its name.

There was Proteus the penguin boat and the pre-Columbian raft. We’ve done sonar tests, problem sets with fictional “Charles River” companies, studied ice patterns, and silt formation.

And the Charles is our playground, too, as any runner, rower or sailor will attest. Maybe you played the MUVE game “Charles River City” a few years back, or watched the 4th of July fireworks from any available rooftop.

Always moving and yet always still, the Charles is a muse for photographers, romantics, barflys, philanthropists, and soul-searchers. Remember how Ernie Knight ’28, for his 70th reunion, took a single scull out for one more row?

2011_sunset_charles_small

Photo: Lydia Krasilnikova.

Seems logical to trek out there once a year—at least, to work on keeping the Charles clean.

In a unique sense of the word, the Charles River is also an MIT invention. Karl Haglund’s 2002 book, Inventing the Charles River, is a great exploration into how engineers (MIT alums included) shaped Boston and Cambridge’s shorelines over the years into a “Back Bay” with stabilized riverfronts. How would one’s MIT experience be different, do you think, if we looked out at mud flats and salt marshes every day?

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How best to get fresh produce to market? Through clever code, of course.

Dan Chak ’02 thinks he has a great algorithm for determining how to most efficiently get good produce from California farms to the best California restaurants.

Source: USDA Economic Research Service: Structure and Finances of US Farms, 2010 Family Farm Report.

Source: smallfarmfresh.com.

With demand for “low-mileage” food sources growing, along with consumers’ increasing tastes for all things organic, restaurants in Los Angeles often had to call five or ten farmers to satisfy orders for a week’s worth of produce needs.

Using Chak’s software, launched earlier this month through his company Small Farm Fresh, chefs register their restaurant then log in to place an order as needed. The site’s interface lists quantities of carrots, lettuce, and so forth available that week from several local farms who have signed up for the directory. Farmers deliver their produce to the restaurants via the traditional farmers’ market, which, as Chak puts it, “acts as a natural aggregation point.”

Like Amazon.com, where Chak previously worked as a software engineer, Small Farm Fresh aims to become a portal through which producers and consumers connect with few or no warehouses in between.

The results of Chak’s pilot test were convincing enough for him to proceed to a full launch in southern California. With more than 30 local farms participating, Chak’s software now links inventory to demand in a useful way.

“I started Small Farm Fresh because right now, it’s harder to buy locally grown produce than it is to buy produce that was grown thousands of miles away,” writes Chak. “Even if big companies can make the numbers work to sell produce this way, these excessive food miles are bad for the environment, bad for local farmers, and ultimately, bad for consumers. We get anonymous food that isn’t as fresh as it could be when amazing produce is grown next door.”

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According to the Chemical Heritage Foundation, women have contributed to the field of chemistry since the age of alchemy—including four Nobel Prize winners in Chemistry and two American Chemical Society Medal winners—but only constitute 16 percent of tenured chemistry faculty at U.S. colleges.

A new documentary developed by the foundation aims to bring attention to this discrepancy. The Catalyst Series: Women in Chemistry honors nine women who have made significant contributions to the chemical sciences and features two MIT alumnae: Professor Paula Hammond ’84, PhD ’93 and Uma Chowdhry PhD ’76. Sponsored by the Alfred P. Sloan (Class of 1895) Foundation, the program will premiere on the Philadelphia PBS affiliate WHYY beginning Wednesday, March 27.

Hammond, a David H. Koch Professor in Engineering, began her studies at MIT at a time when only 20 percent of the study body were female and even fewer students of color. Today, the Institute’s incoming student population is nearly half women and underrepresented minorities make up more than 25 percent. An MIT faculty member since 1995, Hammond’s research lab focuses on macromolecular design and synthesis and has been featured on Fox News and the TV program Chronicle. In 2002, Hammond co-founded the Institute for Soldier Nanotechnology, which focuses on the safety of soldiers in battle.

From Women in Chemistry:

“I find that at MIT there is this huge spontaneity that happens, and it’s not really cultivated. It’s just that there’s such a sense of comfort and trust among people that you feel you can do anything here.”

With only eight dollars to her name, Chowdhry left her home in Mumbai, India, in the 1960s to study engineering science at CalTech and—through a grant from the Atomic Energy Commission (now the Department of Energy)—materials science at MIT.

During her 33-year career at DuPont, where she is now chief science and technology officer emeritus, Chowdhry helped create superconductors—materials that have no resistance to electrical current at temperatures near absolute zero—and contributed to the development of electronic packaging, photovoltaics, batteries, and biofuel.

From Women in Chemistry:

“I like to think that I will be remembered for having worked on sustainable products and having globalized our research to reach the far ends of the world and provide better products to improve the material standard of living for people all over the world. And chemistry has been at the root of all that we do.”

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Photos of a man's face captured before and after a video is run through the EVM software.

Photo: MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory

“You’re lying—I can see it on your face!” How many times have you scoffed at that expression? Thanks to new software developed by researchers from MIT’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, the next time you hear that, it might be the truth!

The software, called Eulerian Video Magnification (EVM), identifies temporal changes in color and movement—imperceptible to the human eye—in the individual pixels of videos. EVM then amplifies these changes so they can be seen more easily.

Let’s take a real-life example. Every time your heart beats, blood is pumped through your body. This process causes very subtle changes in your skin’s color as your blood vessels expand and contract. While you may not be able to see the difference in your skin’s color, EVM recognizes these minute changes and exaggerates them. In a manipulated video, your face would flash bright pink with every heartbeat, essentially making your pulse visible.

EVM was originally designed to monitor the vitals of neo-natal infants without physically touching them, but new uses have been suggested for law enforcement, construction management, and even gambling. Just imagine how a game of poker would change if you could easily call your opponent’s bluff.

CSAIL students Michael Rubinstein and Neal Wadhwa and MIT alumni Eugene Shih SM ’01, PhD ’10 and Hao-Yu Wu ’12, MNG ’12,  along with Professor Frédo Durand, Professor William T. Freeman PhD ’92, and Professor John Guttag received an honorable mention from the National Science Foundation at the 10th annual International Science & Technology Visualization Challenge for their work on the video Revealing Invisible Changes In The World (below).

Interested in putting EVM to the test yourself? Taiwan-based Quanta Research Cambridge, a laptop computer manufacture and funder of this project, has created a platform that allows you to upload your videos and run them through the software. If you have Matlab, download EVM and try it on your own.

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Screen shots of the game showing (from top) an increasingly relativistic world.

Screen shots of the game showing (from top) an increasingly relativistic world.

We all know light travels very fast. But what if it traveled at human walking pace? A new game from the MIT Game Lab, called A Slower Speed of Light, shows just what would happen if light decelerated to this speed.

The game itself is fairly simple: collect 100 orbs. For each orb you pick up, though, light slows incrementally, and the visual effects of special relativity gradually become apparent. These effects, rendered in real time to vertex accuracy, include:

  • the Doppler effect (red- and blue-shifting of visible light and the shifting of infrared and ultraviolet light into the visible spectrum)
  • the searchlight effect (increased brightness in the direction of travel)
  • time dilation (differences in the perceived passage of time from the player and the outside world)
  • Lorentz transformation (warping of space at near-light speeds)
  • the runtime effect (the ability to see objects as they were in the past, due to the travel time of light)

Says Philip Tan ’01, SM ’03, creative director of the MIT Game Lab, about the game: “It conveys some of the joy that theoretical physicists actually experience every day when they’re dealing with these very, very interesting issues about the real world.”

Watch the game’s trailer below, then download and play A Slower Speed of Light.

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Guest blogger: Monica Kelly

Photo: Robbie's Photo Art/Flickr Creative Commons.

Photo: Robbie’s Photo Art/Flickr Creative Commons.

Anyone who encounters a North American porcupine would be wise to turn and run in the other direction, but researchers at MIT and Brigham and Women’s Hospital are getting up close and personal with these critters in the name of medical innovation. A study released in the December issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) describes how these scientists believe the structure of the porcupine quill could be replicated to improve medical needles and adhesives.

Researchers discovered that the tips of porcupine quills are covered with numerous barbs that both facilitate the penetration of the skin and inhibit removal once inserted. A barbed quill requires approximately 50 percent less force than an un-barbed quill, and 60-70 percent less force than a standard medical needle to penetrate the skin’s surface. This discovery has pointed researchers on a path to creating a new medical needle that more efficiently and less painfully breaks the skin.

But needles are not the only medical tools that could be improved thanks to the results of this study. According to MIT Institute Professor Robert Langer ScD ’74, the senior author of the study, “With further research, biomaterials modeled on porcupine quills could provide a new class of adhesive materials.”

Adhesives such as medical superglue, sutures, and stitches are critical to the surgery recovery process, and stronger alternatives could lead to fewer post-op complications. Thus, these researchers are now using this new information about Mother Nature’s porcupine design to develop more effective, biodegradable medical adhesives that will safely disintegrate as the body heals.

Perhaps the porcupine is not the enemy after all.

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Yes, according School of Science Dean Marc Kastner. “MIT is the new Bell Labs,” he told an MIT audience just this morning. He says the Institute’s own researchers plus collaborations with nearby hospitals make MIT the hottest place to unravel the mysteries of diseases such as Alzheimer’s, autism, cancer, and psychiatric disorders.

Discovering disease mechanisms is key, says Mirganka Sur, head of a research center focusing on autism.

Discovering disease mechanisms is key to developing effective treatments, says Mirganka Sur, head of a research center focusing on autism.

Brain and nervous system diseases—from mental disorders, which impact 25% of the U.S. population, to Alzheimer’s, which claims 50% of Americans older than 85—have a huge personal and economic impact. Further, none of these brain-based diseases have a treatment solution that is based on a deep understanding of the mechanism of the disease—what goes wrong. In depression, for instance, medications only help some people and the impact can wane over time; in Alzheimer’s, no effective medications exist despite decades of research.

Kastner brought together colleagues from four research centers to make the case that MIT has the tools to tackle these problems—and there is reason for optimism.

Li-Huei Tsai, head of the Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, described the Obama administration’s call for a Moon shot-scale effort to understand and treat Alzheimer’s disease, currently the sixth largest cause of death in the US. More money is needed, though, to crack this disease, she says. Some MIT efforts include Manolis Kellis’s work using massive data crunching to understand the fundamental differences between a normal brain cell and one affected by Alzheimer’s. Kellis, the head of MIT’s Computational Biology Group, is a leader of the global consortium known as ENCODE, which stands for Encyclopedia of DNA Elements.

School of Science Dean Marc Kastner.

School of Science Dean Marc Kastner listens to researchers describe their work on disease.

At the Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, scientists and engineers are collaborating on speeding up the time between a discovery in the lab and the delivery of treatments to patients. According to Koch Associate Director Jacqueline Lees, nearly 30 years elapsed from identifying oncogenes to an effective cancer treatment. One project underway is Michael Cima’s development of a microchip that can be implanted when a tumor is removed; the device reports any re-growth of the tumor, which can be quickly treated. His newest research with Professor Robert Langer successfully used the microchip to deliver medication.

Few effective treatments exist for the serious mental health diseases that are estimated to cost, in the US alone, some $317 billion per year in treatment and lost productivity. Despite that, Robert Desimone, director of the McGovern Institute for Brain Research, feels this is a revolutionary time for potential new treatments because of advances in genomics, neuroscience systems, and neuroimaging. He pointed to the work by Guoping Feng on the role of synapses in brain disorders—discovered through new neuron-imaging techniques.

Just as MIT coined the term, “neuroscience” in the 1960s, a new group of researchers has coined the “social brain,” says Mirganka Sur, director of the Simons Center for the Social Brain that studies how social cognition is wired into human beings. Focusing on autism, now diagnosed in one of 88 US children, Sur says the group is working to “understand the neural mechanisms underlying social cognition and behavior and understand what goes wrong.” One new approach using new imaging techniques is embodied in Rebecca Saxe’s new work on locating the specific brain area activated when children try to understand what others think.

Learn more at the MIT School of Science website.

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Bobak Ferdowsi needle-felted doll

A needle-felted sculpture of NASA’s “Mohawk guy.”

It’s time once again for our annual roundup of holiday gift ideas created by members of the MIT community. Check out the 2011, 2010, and 2009 lists for more inspiration.

For those of you who live in Cambridge, the MIT Museum store is offering 20% off everything this Friday, Dec. 7, 1:00-6:00 p.m. In-store only.

Entertainment & Learning

Bobak Ferdowsi needle-felted soft sculpture
This nearly five-inch wool and acrylic figure honors Bobak Ferdowsi SM ’03 a.k.a. the NASA “Mohawk guy” who helped land the Curiosity rover on Mars. Warning! There was only one left at press time, so don’t blame me if this is sold out. It was made by Lety R-Z, who runs the Etsy storefront CreturFetur. Needle felting, says her site, “consists of poking wool repeatedly with a barbed needle, making the fibers lock together.”

MIT Press book 10 PRINT CHR$(205.5+RND(1)); : GOTO 10

MIT Press book.

10 PRINT CHR$(205.5+RND(1)); : GOTO 10 (MIT Press 2012)
This book takes a single line of code–the extremely concise BASIC program for the Commodore 64 inscribed in the title–and uses it as a lens through which to consider the phenomenon of creative computing and the way computer programs exist in culture. It was cowritten by 10 authors, including Associate Professor Nick Montfort SM ’98; Patsy Baudoin, the MIT Libraries’ liaison to the MIT Media Lab; Casey Reas SM ’01; and Noah Vawter SM ’06, PhD ’11.

Roominate, the wired building toy for girls.

Roominate, the wired building toy for girls.

Roominate
Dubbed “the wired building toy for girls,” Roominate was cocreated by mechanical engineering alumna Alice Brooks ’10 as a way to get young girls excited about STEM subjects. Kits contain modular, laser-cut wooden parts for walls and furniture as well as circuit components to wire and decorate the room. It’s recommended for ages 6–10, and girls can share their creations online.

Makey Makey
Turn ordinary objects, even yourself, into touchpads and keyboard keys using the invention kit Makey Makey. No programming or software required. It’s the brainchild of Jay Silver SM ’08 and Eric Rosenbaum SM ’09, both PhD students in the Media Lab. Read a previous Slice post about it and view a video of Makey Makey in action.

Cast Me if You Can dvd.Cast Me if You Can (DVD)
Atsushi Ogata SM ’88 cowrote and directed this independent film, a romantic comedy set in Tokyo. In Japanese with English subtitles, it was theatrically released in 16 cities in Japan and traveled through the international festival circuit before being released in the US earlier this year. CNN.com calls it “a comedy of oddballs,” which includes “a pantie thief, a poker-faced jailer, and a dwarf-like agent” involved in wacky situations. Watch the trailer.

Turn-signal-equipped cycling wear made using a LilyPad Arduino kit.

Turn-signal-equipped cycling wear made using a LilyPad Arduino kit.

Fashion & Beauty

LilyPad Arduino wearable electronics
For the do-it-yourselfers, there’s LilyPad Arduino, a set of sewable electronic components with which you can create soft, interactive fashion, like fortune-telling tees or turn-signal-equipped cycling wear. Creator Leah Buechley, associate professor of media arts and sciences and director of the Media Lab’s High-Low Tech Group, offers a LilyPad starter kit in addition to other components via the LilyPad category on SparkFun. Tutorials explain how to build various products.

Living Proof hair-car products
Developed by Institute Professor Robert Langer ScD ’74 and wholeheartedly endorsed by Jennifer Aniston (who recently became a co-owner of the company), Living Proof invents and patents “new molecules that completely change how hair behaves.” This one I can personally vouch for. At least it works on my hair. Read all about the science and Aniston’s new role.

Stages of Beauty skincare

Stages of Beauty skincare.

Stages of Beauty skincare
Jasmina Aganovic ’09, who earned her degree in chemical engineering and previously worked at Living Proof, began Stages of Beauty to address the changing skincare needs of women as they age. Her lines of anti-aging cleansers, scrubs, creams, toners, and serums are made specifically for women in their 20s, 30s, 40s, and 50+. Read a Q&A with Aganovic.

 

Beaver golf-club head cover wearing an MIT Sloan T-shirt.

Beaver golf-club cover wearing an MIT Sloan T-shirt.

SloanGear
Owned and operated entirely by students, SloanGear is an established tradition in the management school. At the end of each academic year, SloanGear gets bought by a team of first years who take over the company the following year. The company was originally called the Sloan Sweatshirt Company before the Class of 2002 rebranded it as SloanGear. Find men’s and women’s apparel, a cute onesie for babies, and other gifts (who doesn’t need a beaver golf-club head cover wearing an MIT Sloan T-shirt?). MIT students, alumni, faculty, and administrators can even get Tumi luggage at 25% off.

 

JYOTI hidden scroll ring.

JYOTI custom-designed hidden scroll ring.

JYOTI New York jewelry
If luxury, custom-designed jewelry is your thing, check out designs by Sloanie Jyoti Singhvi MBA ’07. Singhvi, who has previously worked for Cartier, crafts pieces that tell stories about the owners. Read about her in Bloomberg Businessweek.

Electronic Gifts

Delightfully
Want to hand-wrap an online gift card, subscription, or e-book? Consider sending it via Delightfully, cofounded by two MITers. The service allows you to pair an electronic gift with a meaningful experience, like “wrapping” it with a collage of personal photos or requiring a recipient to travel along a virtual map toward a prize at the end. Learn all about it in this Slice post.

MakeSweet animation.

A still of a MakeSweet animation.

MakeSweet animations
When it’s the thought that counts, consider creating a special animation using MakeSweet, developed by roboticist Paul Fitzpatrick PhD ’03. Your special message could appear on any number of billboards or in an opening locket. Or, a Rubik’s Cube could solve itself into photos you place onto it.

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